Thursday, January 30, 2020
Trade Liberalization Essay Example for Free
Trade Liberalization Essay Trade is very critical in any country as it ensures that although countries have different production capabilities they can acquire all types of goods. Different capabilities arise due to the fact that different countries have different natural resources, educational capabilities, varying physical capital as well as the technological knowledge. Trade liberalization entails the reduction of limitations on trade across countries. Artificial barriers as well as other forms of distortions are reduced. (Alvarado S and Morici P, 1992, 59). Protectionism is completely eliminated and tariffs which entail the raising of import prices, quotas that see to it that there is physical limitation on goods that can be imported as well as non tariff barriers like regulation and legislation that hinder easy entry for foreign competitors are eliminated. The US is committed to ensuring that countries eradicate barriers as is seen through its efforts in General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and World Trade Organization (WTO) and in Free Trade Area (FTA).             Trade liberalization or policies ensure that economies are open to trade and investments with the rest of the world. It is crucial for any nation if sustained economic growth is to be attained. Free trade ensures the creation of jobs, better working conditions and the over all economic growth. No country can attain economic growth, which comes along with improved standards of living if it is in exclusion with the rest part of the world. In other words, no country is self-sufficient. Trade openings as well as foreign direct investment ensure economic success especially in third world countries. Trade liberalization has seen many third world countries develop competitive advantages in the production of certain products thus increasing their production and consequently increasing the profits derived from them. This has seen the number of people living in the margins of poverty decrease. It is evident that countries focus on the outward development rather than inward developments thrive more. Such countries focus more on the interrelated relationship with other countries and together all the parties involved benefit. Countries as India, Vietnam and Uganda are relevant examples of how faster growth and poverty reduction is realized when trade liberalization takes place. Lowering of tariffs comes along with quick growth compared to those who do not. (www.kent.ac.uk).             Trade liberalization benefits the poor more. Protection is associated with large implicit subsidies that most third world countries cannot afford. Liberalization of trade ensures that the poor people‘s incomes increase with almost the same proportion as the total population as a whole increases. With trade liberalization there is the creation of jobs, which can suit the semi and the unskilled workers in a nation, such a move, ensures their graduation from a lower social status to a higher one. Again, the reduced inequality gap that had been observed since the 1990s was partly due to trade liberalization and its effects on the economic growth. More gains can be accrued if many barriers to trade are eliminated. Third world countries are more likely to benefit from trade liberalization as a percentage of their GDP than the developed countries since their economies tend to be more or highly protected and also because they face more barriers. (www.imf.org).             To maximally leap the benefits of trade liberalization it is important that countries specialize in producing goods that they have a comparative advantage in. The opening of their markets and ensuring that their companies compete internationally then follow this. This necessitates stiff competition and increased efficiency that ensures that prices go down making the goods more attractive and affordable. Demand consequently rises and there is continued or increased production to match it. As the businesses, boom the Gross National Income rises and all people benefit from it.             Trade liberalization encourages or facilitates the increased imports of strategic goods and services, attracts foreign direct investment and enhances technological transfers. It also ensures the development of endogenous capacities as well as the development of infrastructure that is appropriate to support national objectives for industrial development.             It can indirectly be beneficial to a country’s natural resources as with the increased trade, countries can acquire the finances needed to support environmental protection, its conservation as well as remediation efforts. Although there are potential negative effects associated with trade liberalization policies that promote the positive effects ought to be enhanced. It is also important to ensure that institutional as well as human capacities of developing countries or those that are in the transition process to the market economies are well organized. This would ensure effective integration between the environment, trade and development policies. Negative effects or impacts of trade should be avoided and curbed before they even emerge and once they start being manifested, they should be addressed quickly. It is important to take into account the sustainability of a country’s environmental as well as natural resources when designing the trade liberalization policies. This will go a long way in ensuring that there are fewer or no adverse effects. In Bangladesh, the shrimp culture became beneficial with the introduction of liberalization. The economic gains included the increased GDP that recorded an increase of approximately 70 %. Exports increased and there was the increased employment rate for the locals.             Copper mining in Chile also benefited from trade liberalization. It saw the increased GDP from the sector. The sector contributed to the country’s total exports to a tune of 41% despite the fact that it created employment for just a few people. The liberalization ensured that there was increased private participation and this meant that efficiency and effectiveness would be enhanced. New technologies could easily be adopted and they ensure that costs of production were lowered, competitiveness increased and it was possible to explore previously marginalized areas. (www.kent.ac.uk). This is crucial in ensuring that rural development is attained. Diversified economic development is vital for third world countries as it reduces the rural urban migration and ensures rural development. Infrastructures are developed in areas that could have remained under developed as third world countries lack adequate capital to ensure unified development.             Liberalization enhances competition which works to increase innovation and exploration. It ensures that there is effective exploration especially in areas that had previously been marginalized. It also encourages the use of environmentally friendly technologies geared to ensure that there is minimal harm to the environment. With increased exports or trade in general there is the generation of foreign exchange, attraction of external investment and the creation of employment.             Free trade ensures that there is the creation of trade and domestic production is substituted with cheaper imports. Trade creation is important as it ensures that there is effective production efficiency. (Peloso J, 2005, 154). Factors that determine the effects on trade depend on whether there are lower prices due to tariff reduction and if the price changes are responsive to the supply and demand in the market.             Trade liberalization can be defined as a form of trade where a neutral approach is taken and there is minimal government control. Most developing countries that register minimal growth had a history of poor implementation issue in totality.             Trade liberalization and free trade ensures positive externalities that lead to increased or greater competition that ensures there is much efficiency in resource allocation, economies of scale as well as technological spill over effects. It reduces rent seeking – behaviour and promotes the increased flow of technological knowledge across the globe. There is a greater access to new goods be they capital or intermediate. There is also a faster rate in the imitation of advanced techniques that enable third world countries to prosper economically.             It makes exports more competitive especially in the international markets since it involves the reduction in exchange rates distortion as well as export duties. Trade liberalization and free trade in third world countries ensures that there is export diversification among countries involved. Trade restrictions that hinder or act as an obstacle to trade are erased.             Some third world countries especially in Africa would greatly benefit from increased trade through trade liberalization. Most of them have poor infrastructure that would need huge capital to develop in trying to increase the rates of production. Their inadequate capital makes them it hard to acquire new and more efficient technology needed to ensure that there is considerable economic growth and development. Others are inhibited by their geographical locations in ensuring that they develop economically. With trade liberalization acquisition of goods that land locked countries like Uganda is made easier. Many gains are earned when countries exploit their comparative advantage in the face of free trade and trade liberalization.             History proves that inward development among the third world countries where their governments intervene or control the economy are not effective in ensuring economic growth. In the 1960s and 70s when this approach was used it was characterized by ineffective or deficient infrastructures, underdeveloped financial markets as well as poor human capital resources. Through trade liberalization, it was possible to acquire external finances that would steer up the economy.             The overall effects of trade liberalization are highly correlated to a country’s political, economical as well as social organization. It is also affected by the way reforms are created and implemented for instance reforms on import liberalization and the approach that is taken for example through tariff reduction, structure unification or reduced duty rates.             In Tunisia, trade liberalization enhanced export promotion that created changes in the country’s economic growth and external payments. Import liberalization saw the promotion of domestic production that strengthened competition and consequently the economy’s efficiency was enhanced. It ensured trade competition with neighboring countries like Morocco, Algeria and Egypt. Liberalization of telecommunication sector made significant changes in the country’s economic development. Economic expansion in the country is also attributed to the increased privatization of most sectors making them more efficient and effective.             Trade liberalization can be of much importance to third world countries especially because through trade agreements there is the enhancement of the rule of law among the countries involved. Good governance, transparency as well as fair enforcement of contracts is ensured in the countries involved. (Wallace L, 1999, 89). Corruption is in most case eradicated as the rule of law is reinforced and it promotes foreign direct investment. Property rights are also empowered and they ensure that there is effective investment in the involved countries. This ensures that there is increased savings as well as investment and exchange. The competition that comes along with free trade benefits the poor especially in the third world countries where they are susceptible to exploitation by the elites or by a few monopolies. It promotes equality and eradicates the manipulation of trading activities. Free trade also encourages reforms in various sectors of the economy and consequently promotes growth. It sees to it that there is efficiency as the policies established are critical. Again democracies can be effectively strengthened with the establishment of free trade. Free trade in addition to promoting the flow of goods and services it also entails the transmission of ideas and values. Self confidence is therefore ensured as freedom is ensured.             The World Bank reported of the overwhelming growth that came along with the reduction of trade barriers, it estimates that in the 90s the per capita of such countries rose by almost thrice. (www.usemb.gov.do). Trade liberalization encourages domestic reforms that are needed in third world countries. Freedom and openness promote effective governance and macroeconomic policies that ensure there is economic growth. The economic gains arising from increased trade would be effective in ensuring that third world countries reduce the burden of seeking foreign assistance that comes with strings attached or conditional ties.             According to the numerous studies conducted by World Bank and also by the University of Michigan there are more gains attributed to trade liberalization especially in developing countries where trade barriers are approximately four times more than in developed countries. Another study by International Institute of Economics established that millions of people subjected to abject poverty especially in the third world countries would have their living standards improved with the global free trade. (www.usemb.gov.do). Trade liberalization and free trade therefore increases the flow of trade and benefit the third world countries. References: IMF. 2001. Global Trade Liberalization and the Developing Countries. Retrieved on 11th April 2008 from http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/ib/2001/110801.htm Jennifer Peloso. 2005. Free Trade. H.W. Wilson Publishers. P 154 Sylvia Alvarado, Peter Morici.1992. The Premise and the Promise: Free Trade in the Americas. Transaction Publishers. P 59 America U Santos Paulino. Trade liberalization and economic performance among selected developing countries. Retrieved on 11th April 2008 from http://www.kent.ac.uk/economics/papers/papers-pdf/2000/0012.pdf. Michael McGee. 2006. Benefits of Free Trade Agreements for Developing Countries. Retrieved on 11th April 2008 from http://www.usemb.gov.do/FCS-e.htm Laura Wallace. 1999. Adjusting to the Challenges of Globalization. International
Wednesday, January 22, 2020
A Soldiers Life in the Civil War Essay -- Papers
Life during the Civil War was not a pleasant time. There was basically utter chaos going on the South. Soldiers had to deal with the harsh conditions and the thought of death. Plantation owners had to worry about who was going to work their fields. Business owners had to worry about who was going to buy their products. Citizens had to worry about soldiers destroying their property. And the government had to worry about how to pay the soldiers and how to end the war. This was a very rough time to be alive. Soldier Life During The Civil War The camp life for a soldier was hardly one to be desired. â€Å"The weather was hot and the water was bad, yet the men kept in good spirits, and there was no grumbling at the hard drill and harder work(Ratchford, 11).†The weather varied a lot during the Civil War. At times it would snow up to depths of eight inches and sometimes it would rain and hail for hours on end(Russell, 130). Other times it would be very hot. Sometimes when it would rain, soldiers would wake up half submerged(Brown,122). Death was also a major fear during the Civil War. â€Å"We cook and eat, talk and laugh with the enemies dead lying all about us as though they were so many logs(Brown, 115).†The soldier would march threw battlefields where dead men, horses, and smashed artillery were scattered about in utter confusion; the Blue and the Gray mixed-their bodies so bloated, distorted, and discolored from decomposition, that they were basically unrecognizable(Mohr, 326). There was also the duties of the officers. â€Å"Often when a detachment was on scout, there were no men left in camp to release the pickets, and they had to remain on post for seventy-two hours at a stretch(Histor... ...g, and killing(Ratchford, 11). To me it sounds as though the life of a soldier during the Civil War is not one that I would want to live. I would rather sit at my computer and type a paper about it than actually leave through it. The soldiers and the civilians alike, had it very rough. The conditions were harsh and the fear of death would be the only thing on my mind. Or fear of having my house burnt down or taken from me is something I would not want to experience. In conclusion, I would be very proud to shake any soldiers hand that fought in the Civil War. Outline I. Introduction II. Life of a Soldier During the Civil War A. Camp Life B. Death C. Duties D. Shooting E. Food F. Medical G. Pay III. Government and Citizens During The Civil War A. Government Reaction B. Citizens Reaction C. Citizens Vandalism IV. Conclusion
Tuesday, January 14, 2020
Cultural and Cross Cultural Psychology Essay
Cultural psychology and cross-cultural psychology is no more new, as it has had its momentum picked up for the past few decades. Developmental psychology is something of the same kind and it was a buzzword in between at the turn of the century. The question is how is it possible to study human’s development though we intend to study. Human development is also reflected from the repeated efforts and interests on culture analysis in getting to know the interpretation of signals, code words and gestures. When it comes to testing, research and analysis in psychology related subjects it is quite difficult to understand the significant relation between the test samples and the findings. As there is never a reliable empirical formula. Cross cultural psychology is the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes, including both their variability and invariance, under diverse cultural condition. It’s primary aims are to investigate a) systematic relations between behavioral variables and ethnic-cultural variables, and generalizations of psychological principles. Cross cultural psychology is the science by virtue of the scientific principles and methods it employs. Cross cultural psychology is not primarily concerned with the comparative study of culture, that si the enduring characteristics that mark a culture apart from other countries. (Leonore Loeb Adler, Uwe P. Gieglen, Florence L. Denmark. Cross cultural topics in psychology – Second edition) â€Å"Cross-cultural psychology is the empirical study of members of various culture groups who have had different experience that lead to predictable and significant differences in behavior. In the majority of such studies, the groups under study speak different languages and are governed by different political units†(British, Lonner, Thorndike, 1973, p. 5 – John W. Berry, Ype H. Pootinga, Marshall H. Segall, Pierre R. Dasen. Cross cultural psychology Research and Applications – Second edition, p. 1) â€Å"Cultural Psycology is the study of the culture’s role in the mental life of human beings†(Cole, 1996, p. 1- John W. Berry, Ype H. Pootinga, Marshall H. Segall, Pierre R. Dasen. Cross cultural psychology Research and Applications – Second edition, p. 1) Cultural psychology is the study to examine ethnic and cultural sources of psychological diversity in emotional, social cognition and human development. (Richard A. Shweder, Maria A. Sullivan. Cultural Psychology: Who needs it? 1993 – Internet edition Cultural psychology is nothing but the practices, customs and beliefs we follow differs from place to place and ethnicity to ethnicity. It is the study of various cultural practices, customary traditions and beliefs that influence a particular sector of people, who decides to improve their society by improvising the existing practices and trying to reason few satisfactory logic to get convinced with the practices. The degree of variance is sometimes measurable and sometimes not. The most interesting part is to analyze how and to what extent the traditions, customs, practices and beliefs developed in a region based on something are made use in favor of personal purposes. Whereas cross-cultural psychology is the effort to establish a connection between psychology that is being framed on the basis of the customs and traditions practiced. It simply deals with the different set of experiences and different set of environment which shows a significant influence on the behavior of the person in a place. The cultural psychology stops with the traditions, customs, beliefs and practices in a system whereas cross-cultural psychology is deep about analyzing the effect of these cultural practices in the behavior and thought process of an individual in the system. For eg, the traditional practice of Sati (burning a woman alive after her husband’s death) was followed in India. Learning the practice and the origin of Sati and analyzing its logic, superstitious beliefs is the cultural psychology. Cross cultural psychology tends to explain why women in India are able to accept the practice and get convinced when it is not possible with the other women in the rest of the world. Critical thinking in the cross cultural psychology Cross cultural psychology is interesting to deal with, but actually speaking is highly uninteresting when it comes to experiment and research. It is difficult to format a methodology and bring it in practice, even if brought into practice it is not all that easy to interpret the results of the psychological tests and tasks. How can researchers make out the differences between the results obtained for the same tests from different groups though the questions are same and the groups are different based on the brought up and experience. Is it possible to exhibit a connection between the psychology and the culture with just the interpretation of the results of the tests conducted, and the fact being no one knows to what extent the interpretation falls right. The difference in the thinking may occur due to the difference in the culture influenced thought process, still it is difficult as there is no concrete or empirical formula formulated to decide on it. There is no assurance that the difference in thought process is because of the cultural difference, as there could also be reasons such as bewildered nature of the question, the puzzling nature of the tests, the mood and ignorance of the people and the literacy rate and understanding power of an individual. It does not stop with cross cultural psychology as developmental psychology also faced the similar kind of problem in formatting the research to get to know the exact demand of the scientists and the researchers from the test samples. In addition to that few man made minor errors in the research and process leads to an unexpected and unwanted finding and the errors are sometimes left undetected too. The methodology associated with cross cultural research When it comes to methodology of cross cultural psychology, it involves the qualitative methodology to analyze the practices, customs and habits of different cultures, on the other hand it requires quantitative methodology to compare, analyze and juxtapose the difference in psychology of different individuals influenced by the cultures and practices they follow. Psychological and cultural psychology experiments always require the need of qualitative analysis, as the cross cultural psychology is all about analyzing a huge mass of test sample quantitative analysis also comes into picture, perhaps the problem is sometimes the methods are treated mutually exclusive and the results are not compatible all the time. In addition to this, there is a report that researchers employ artificial and unfamiliar methods leading to ambiguous results. The issue is research is done based on the questions answered by individuals in a society rather than the collective answer from a society, that makes the major difference and inconvenience. Conclusion Though the subject is interesting, it is poignant to know the investigation methods have not taken the right direction. Conventional methods and sampling techniques are most desired all the times, perhaps when it comes to bringing out the difference between two cultures and the influence on the thought process of an individual because of the culture, it is advisable not to stop with these conventional techniques, as even previous literature works, media interviews, assumptions can be taken into significant consideration. Apart from all these standard quantitative techniques should be given the appropriate attention too, the results from the conventional sampling techniques and the standard quantitative techniques can be compared and related. This way a convincing analysis can be expected. Reference: Richard A Shweder. Thinking through cultures – Expeditions in cultural psychology John W. Berry, Ype H. Pootinga, Marshall H. Segall, Pierre R. Dasen . Cross cultural psychology Research and Applications – Second edition James W. Stigler, Richard A. Shweder, Gilbert Herdt. Cultural Psychology- Essays on comparative human development. Lumei Hui. (2003)Theoretical and Methodological Problems in Cross-Cultural Psychology. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior John W. Berry, Ype H. Pootinga, Marshall H. Segall, Pierre R. Dasen. Cross cultural psychology Research and Applications – Second edition
Sunday, January 5, 2020
Censorship And Its Effect On Society - 1325 Words
nformation is one of the most fundamental means by which people can acquire power and influence in Western society. It is also said that information is practically the most powerful and important weapon against corruption in the world. Those who have access to sensitive information, by whatever means either through corruption or unrestricted access, can use this information to demand bribes and even obtain more information by corruption or hide it from others. Owning that access and practicing the act of corruption and maladministration will increase transparency and will also enable society and even media to know and use the right information as the truth will be covered. The right to know the information and to fully understand society’s rights is a great value that is not always realised by society, but given the example of the government, the ones who own more information have the power to hide their own actions and to control the information censoring media. As far as the government is concerned privacy, political and economic information is not to be shared, therefore they can deny access to it. This type of information is controlled making society unaware of what is happening. Fortunately, it is a two-way role. There are laws to prevent this from happening and also to give access to the right and non sensitive information. Information free from corruption is vital for society to know what is happening. Digital leaking is a massive new practice among us, society, inShow MoreRelatedCensorship And Its Effect On Society992 Words  | 4 PagesSometimes censorship might have a positive effect on society. For example, parents consider censorship to be important in order to protect minors and some group of audiences from indecent broadcast or obscenity. Contents like this are deemed to be harmful or offensive to public good and are usually highly regulated by the government. Most parents agree that it is imperative to censor obscene entertainment in order to safeguard children from accessing harmful materials and this is one of the positiveRead MoreCensorship And Its Effect On Society1680 Words  | 7 PagesI. A. Censorship. This single word describes the world’s history of literary sabotage, the idea of rejecting a concept or other medium of propaganda simply because it exhibits a disagreeable or supposedly immorally tepid aspect, then forcibly substituting a more ‘ethi cal’ ideal. Since King Hammurabi stamped out the first cuneiform laws in Babylon, human society has experienced relentless episodes of chronic censorship. It wasn’t until the Roman Empire however, that the word censor was coined, meaningRead MoreCensorship And Its Effects On Society Essay1341 Words  | 6 Pageswork in comparison to something I am passionate about. Some people argue that censorship is important to both writers and readers and benefit them both. I believe that censorship can hinder a writer’s progress in literature and may not benefit the reader because not everyone thinks nor reacts the same. Censorship is not helpful to everyone and it can be argued that it is not only unnecessary, but harmful to others. Censorship among readers does more harm than good, in certain cases. It will not stimulateRead MoreCensorship And Its Effect On Society1581 Words  | 7 Pages politically unacceptable, or a threat to security.†Simply, censorship i s restricting or hiding information so it cannot be accessed by others. Ray Bradbury uses the novel to show concern with the idea of censorship and how it might affect the society. The theme of censorship is obvious through the banning and burning of books. In the first part of the novel, it becomes obvious that censorship began among the citizens of their society. At first they only censored the books that made people thinkRead MoreCensorship And Its Effect On Society Essay1343 Words  | 6 Pagesshift to students’ ability to read beyond â€Å"inappropriate.†(Denzin, 1). Censorship has become a big problem in society today especially in schools using trigger warnings because it is limiting students of their overall learning. Society is banning â€Å"questionable†content because it may offend a student s morals or beliefs, but in the real world it is something that students need to learn and understand. As time goes on censorship is damaging the younger gen erations by banning information that is importantRead MorePositive And Negative Effects Of Censorship In Society798 Words  | 4 PagesCensorship is the suppression, alteration, or prohibition of any parts of books, films, news, music, etc. that are considered obscene, politically unacceptable, or a threat to security. Censorship is an action that has been performed for many years on several subjects of the world, and it is still happening today. Although censorship is an action occurred on many subjects, music is one of the biggest censorship problems in today’s world. Music can have both positive and negative effects on a personRead MoreInternet Censorship And Its Effect On Society1053 Words  | 5 PagesInternet Censorship is Detrimental to Society The Internet was designed to enable and facilitate communications with connected systems at the local, state, national and international levels. The United States Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) launched a research campaign to find effective ways to link computers to help the exchange of information. In the 1990s, the Internet took off and entered a growth phase which caused an increase in communications worldwide. DARPA did notRead MoreStudies in Contemporary Literature: Free Speech1622 Words  | 7 Pages Censorship is the suppression of speech or other public communication which may be considered objectable, harmful, sensitive, politically incorrect or inconvenient as determined as determined by the government, media outlet, or other controlling bodies (Wikipedia, 1). This can be done by governments and private organizations or by individuals who engage in self-censorship which is the act of censoring or classifying one’s own work like blog, books, films, or other means of expression, out of theRead MoreThe Debate About Censorship1495 Words  | 6 PagesThe Debate about Censorship Censorship, the control of the information and ideas circulated within a society, has been a characteristic of dictatorships throughout history. In the 20th Century, censorship was achieved through the examination of books, plays, films, television and radio programs, news reports, and other forms of communication for the purpose of altering or suppressing ideas found to be objectionable or offensive. There have been assorted justifications for censorship, with some censorsRead MoreFahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury1200 Words  | 5 Pagesby life in society, authors are able to create work that speaks to their observations and views on society and its functions. In the book Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury incorporated the corruption of the society in which he lived in into the dystopian society created in his book. Fahrenheit 451, a fictional book about a protagonist’s attempt to overcome a dystopian society’s corruption, was written by Ray Bradbury while living in 1950â⠂¬â„¢s America. The book focuses on themes of censorship, and illustrates
Saturday, December 28, 2019
Massospondylus - Facts and Figures
Name: Massospondylus (Greek for large vertebrae); pronounced MASS-oh-SPON-dill-us Habitat: Woodlands of South Africa Historical Period: Early Jurassic (208-190 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 13 feet long and 300 pounds Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Large, five-fingered hands; long neck and tail About Massospondylus Massospondylus is a good example of the class of dinosaurs known as prosauropods--small-to-medium sized, small-brained herbivores of the early Jurassic period whose relatives later evolved into towering sauropods like Barosaurus and Brachiosaurus. In early 2012, Massospondylus made headlines thanks to the discovery in South Africa of preserved nesting grounds, containing fossilized eggs and embryos, dating to the early Jurassic period (about 190 million years ago) This plant-eater--which paleontologists believe stomped in stampede-sized numbers across the plains of early Jurassic South Africa--is also a case study in changing views of dinosaur behavior. For decades, it was widely believed that Massospondylus walked on all fours, only occasionally rearing up on its hind legs to reach vegetation. In the last few years, though, convincing evidence has come to light that Massospondylus was primarily bipedal, and faster (and more agile) than was previously believed. Because it was discovered so early in paleontological history--in 1854, by the famous naturalist Sir Richard Owen--Massospondylus has generated its share of confusion, as various fossil remains have been incorrectly assigned to this genus. For instance, this dinosaur has been identified (at one time or another) with such dubious and now-discarded names as Aristosaurus, Dromicosaurus, Gryponyx, Hortalotarsus, Leptospondylus, and Pachyspondylus.
Friday, December 20, 2019
Immigration Has Increased Through Out The Years And...
Immigration has increased through out the years and President Trump has made controversial statements regarding those who are undocumented in this country. Time during his campaign, and up to his presidency, has become a heightened scrutiny for undocumented immigrants; perhaps, mainly Hispanics. Hockenberry and Puzzanchera (2016) define them as â€Å"a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race†(p3). I identify myself as a Hispanic because I was raised in Honduras, the heart of Central America, and I understand the climax that immigrants from these countries attempt to flee from. Thus, my interest in exploring more in depth the contact that Hispanic youth have with†¦show more content†¦The RRI compares the rates of juvenile justice contact experienced by different groups of youth. In the results of the analysis done by Hockenberry and Puzzanchera (2016), the RRI portrayed significance difference amongst the three ethnic groups. This comparison of the RRI is done through a simple formula: the number of an ethnic group is divided by the number of another ethnic group, considering the same entry point in the system. For example, the number court referrals done to Hispanic youth were compared between those done to white youth and black youth. As a result, researchers noticed that Hispanic youth were more likely than white, but less likely than black youth, to be referred to juvenile court. Additionally, across offense categories, Hispanic youth were more likely than white youth or black youth to be adjudicated delinquent (p 10 – 11). Thus, the focus of my paper is not how to reduce delinquency amongst Hispanic youth, rather, it is how to reduce Disproportionate Minority Confinement (DMC). Therefore, I used the work of researchers Spinney, Cohen, Feyerherm, Stephenson, Yeide, and Hopps (2016) which focuses on nine jurisdictions whom managed to reduce the disproportionate minority contact in their Juvenile Justice system. These jurisdictions had to portray a consistent positive movement in their DMC data over three consecutive years.Show MoreRelatedImmigration Through The Eyes Of Donald Trump1648 Words  | 7 PagesImmigration through the Eyes of Donald Trump Make America great again! As Donald Trump’s slogan goes on to say; but what does it mean to make America great again? Does it mean we need to deport all the immigrants back to their country? Seems like Donald Trump has an idea about what can be done to improve our country. Trump has to be the most controversial presidential candidate running in the 2016 election, and his opinion about the immigration policy is his most talked about issue that continuesRead MoreHow Immigration Affects Native Born People1694 Words  | 7 PagesImmigration has always been a very debated topic, with some people pointing out the opportunities different countries offer immigrants and the people on the other side of the spectrum highlighting the way immigration affects native born people. During the campaign period for the 2016 election, it was clear that candidates Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump had different views. Clinton sought to be more â€Å"humane†and mindful when reforming immi gration policies and Trump sought to quickly remove the badRead MoreU.s. Obama And Donald Trump s Views On Immigration Essay1434 Words  | 6 Pagesseveral different issues in the economy. 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Thursday, December 12, 2019
Corporate Financial Management Superannuation Contribution Sample
Questions: 1.What are the important factors that should be considered by tertiary sector employees when they are deciding whether to place their superannuation contributions in the Defined Benefit Plan or the Investment Choice Plan? What issues relating to the concept of the time value of money may be important in this decision-making process? 2.If the efficient-market hypothesis is true, the pension fund manager might as well select a portfolio with a pin. Explain why this is not the case? Answers: 1. The employees of the territory sector should consider some of the significant factors at the time of the decision-making process. The decision includes whether to invest their superannuation contribution in the investment choice plan or defined benefit plan. The employees would be required to allocate an amount of income into the superannuation. The main aim to introduce the superannuation polices initiatives is to eliminate the issues from the social security system in the provision of the pension payments that helps the individuals at their retirement stage (Chen and Hao, 2013). The defined benefit plan is the plan where the benefits are paid to the employees at their retirement by the formula that includes the determinants such as age, the number of years and salary of the employees. The retirement benefit is estimated as: Retirement Benefit = Length of membership * Benefit salary * Average service fraction * Lump-sum factor The employees in the tertiary sector who select the Defined Benefit Plan, superannuation contributions are invested and pooled in the assets identified by the company. The final benefit payment is estimated by the above-given formula and investment performances of the asset portfolio is not relevant, and it does not affect the final retirement payment of the employees. Thus, it shows that the employees are not benefited from the profits earned by the asset portfolio as the risk of investment is associated with the performance of the company. It is the responsibility of the company to fund the defined benefits. The company of the defined benefit plan has the discretion to pay the additional benefits on the annually adjusted basis (Dauber, 2005). However, it is not guaranteed by the company and form a small proportion of the superannuation benefits under the plan. The employees who select the investment choice plan and the investment account includes personal superannuation, the annual distribution of the profits earned on the invested contributions, management charges, and administration. The employees can select the types of portfolios or assets under investment choice plan that the superannuation contributions are invested. The following investment strategies are as follows: Secure fund: The Australian fixed cash and interest securities Stable Fund: Bond securities and fixed interest with the exposure of overseas and domestic property and shares Selection fund of the company: The balanced fund of overseas and domestic property, shares, private equity and infrastructure (Dvorak, 2012). Shares Fund: The investment in overseas and domestic shares The strategies can be differentiated on the return and risk characteristics with secure funds and provide lowest average returns in comparison with the share funds that carries the highest level of risk, but it is expected to provide high average returns. The employees who select the investment choices funds at their final retirement payments is dependent on the generated returns by their selected investment strategy and bearing the risk of investment associated with the superannuation contributions (Emery, Finnerty and Stowe, 2011). At the time of the retirement, the companies provide a wide range of investment products for investment choice plan and defined benefit plan subscribe to distribute and manage the retirement benefits. It includes the following investment options or pension: Indexed pension: Regular income is provided that is indexed to the inflation and payable till the employee live and transferring to the spouse. Life indexed pension: Regular income provides to the employee and access to the capital and available investment strategies in which the capital can be placed. Roll over option: The employees can select to transfer the retirement funds balance to the approved industry or personal superannuation, an approved retirement saving account or deposit fund. Cash distribution: An amount of the retirement fund can be taken as the cash that can be used for personal or investment consumption purposes (GERRANS and CLARK, 2013). The employees can select the combination of the following alternatives with decision-making process which is depended on their lifestyle requirement and income. The decision making consideration of return profile and investment risk are paramount and the effect of time of the value of money and inflation. The employees should have the idea of where and when to invest their investment to ensure to be safe. The employees will invest in the low-risk portfolio and to cope up with the obligations. The tertiary sector is one of the most developing sectors in the market, and many employees are employed in this sector. The superannuation is the pension program which is created by the organizations for the benefit of the employees (Helbk, Lindset and McLellan, 2010). The funds are deposited in the superannuation account which increases as per the rules and regulations. Thus, the superannuation program is carried out by the organizations to support the life of the people after their retirement . The employees should select the programs in an appropriate manner so that they would be able to get the maximum benefit. The time value of money is very much significant in the decision-making process. The employees have to save funds for the future purpose as well as for their family. The companies also implement rules and regulations for the welfare of the employees. The benefits are depicted to be showing the various creations of the illustrations which are explaining the differentiations which are made in the form of the retirement plan and also the explanation of the focus is being made by showing the construction of the work which is being made by showing the enhancement of the study. The superannuation forms of the study are intensified by depicting the illustration of the Australia. The mandating and the proactive conditions which are showing the contributions for complying nature and also this is showing the explanation in the form of showing the forms of the contributions (Horngren, 2013). The allocation of the certain ranges of the nature of the forms is also illustrated to be showing the increment of the superannuation amount. The enhancement of the work is showing the appropriate amount which is being shown in the form of the illustrated forms which is showing the enhancement of the work. The focus is being created by the conduct which is showing the impetus by showing the introduction of the work and also the superannuation policies are made for the purpose of showing the removal of the burden and also the social security system. The support at the retirement stages of the lives and also the provision of the pension payments. The representation is being shown by showing the represented in the form of the financial institutions and also the superannuation funds and also it enables the enhancement of the work which is showing the mutual funds and also is indicated in the form of the equity securities in the security share markets of the Australia (Ippolito, 2014). The benefits are provided in the form of the difference which is created in the form of the savings and also the plans are established by showing the explanation of the tertiary education in the form of the employees are shown during the formulation of the investments. The plans are made by showing the enhancement of the work and also the explanation of benefits are appropriately made by depicting the enhancement of the investment risks. The appropriate risks are categorized by showing the form of the collection of the binds in the form of the bond securities and also the domestic shares are included in this case (Oppermann, 2009). It clearly shows the appropriate explanation of the work which is being made by showing the appropriate illustration of the securities which are made for showing the appropriate balance in the shares and also the fixing of the shares are being made by illustrating the views. The contribution of the superannuation is being shown in the form of the pooled ex planation of the work, and also the explanation clearly shows the annual adjustments which are included in the form of the payouts that are made to the employees during the time of the retirement. This enables in ensuring the values that are constructed for showing the appropriate purpose of the work as it is illustrated in this case (Rahman, 2015). 2. The strong and the efficient market is being shown by appropriately determining the hypothesis which is showing the explanation of the information included in this study. The study simply includes both the private and the public which is being represented by showing the proper framing of the work structure and also is enabled of focusing on the enhancement of the cycles. The trends are included in the form of showing the counting which is being included on the part of the financial manager and also the cycles must be produced for showing the counting of the trends. The innovation is being included a part which is being analyzed by showing the enhancement of the counting in the form of the trends. The focus on the enhancement of the structure is being shown by showing the appropriate enhancement of the returns which are being analyzed for the explanation of the superior rate of the returns (Rayman, 2013). Therefore the prices are illustrated in the form of showing theories in the f orm of the structuring the appropriate forms in an appropriate way. The theories clearly includes the appropriate analysis which is being included in the form of depicting an appropriate structure of the work and the efficient explanation of the structure is being made by depicting the consistent rates and also the analysis is being depicted to be dependent on the weak, semi-weak and the superior rates which are considered in this case (Schmidt, 2016). Therefore, the enhancement of the efficient market hypothesis is being made by depicting the enhancement of the study and also the enhancement of the work is being made by depicting the explanation of the work. The efficient market hypothesis is being shown by depicting the illustration of the profit which is being made by depicting the illustration of the predictive price and also the suggestions can be easily made by depicting the appropriate illustration of the work which is depicted to be unlikely in nature. The main theory which is linked with the prices that are involved in it and also the arrival is being made by showing the illustration of the difficulties and the changes in the prices (Yip, 2010). Therefore the enhancement of the structure of the market is showing the reflection of the information. The explanation of the security prices are explained in this case which is being involved in the form of the study and also the reflection on the trade is being shown by including the explanation of the work and also the expansion of the work is being made by depicting the enhancement of the work. The construction of the work is being made by depicting the appropriate explanation of the work. The resource is showing the mispricing the significant amount of the work in this case. The reflection is being made by showing the stocking of the resource is being made by showing the explanation of the work (Zhao, Wang and Wei, 2015). This also shows the explanation of the work and also the detection of the stocks are illustrated in this case, and also the undertaken case is showing the proper explanation regarding the misprice as detected in this case. References Chen, S. and Hao, Z. (2013). Funding and investment decisions in a stochastic defined benefit pension plan with regime switching*.Lithuanian Mathematical Journal, 53(2), pp.161-180. Dauber, N. (2005).2006 Auditing standards. Canada: Thomson. Dvorak, T. (2012). Timing of Retirement Plan Contributions and Investment Returns: The Case of Defined Benefit versus Defined Contribution.The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis Policy, 12(1). Emery, D., Finnerty, J. and Stowe, J. (2011).Corporate financial management. Morristown, NJ: Wohl Publishing. GERRANS, P. and CLARK, G. (2013). Pension plan participant choice: Evidence on defined benefit and defined contribution preferences.Journal of Pension Economics and Finance, 12(04), pp.351-378. Helbk, M., Lindset, S. and McLellan, B. (2010).Corporate finance. Maidenhead, Berkshire: Open University Press/McGraw-Hill Education. Horngren, C. (2013).Accounting. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Australia. Ippolito, R. (2014). Replicating Default Risk in a Defined-Benefit Plan.Financial Analysts Journal, 58(6), pp.31-40. Oppermann, H. (2009).Accounting standards. Lansdowne: Juta. Parrino, R. (2015).Corporate Finance. Singapore: John Wiley Sons. Rahman, N. (2015).Corporate Finance. North Ryde: McGraw-Hill Australia. Rayman, R. (2013).Accounting Standards. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Schmidt, C. (2016). A Journey Through Time: From The Present Value To The Future Value And Back Or: Retirement Planning: A Comprehensible Application Of The Time Value Of Money Concept.American Journal of Business Education (AJBE), 9(3), p.137. Schroeder, R., Clark, M. and Cathey, J. (2011).Financial accounting theory and analysis. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Yip, M. (2010). The use value of money in the law of unjust enrichment.Legal Studies, 30(4), pp.586-609. Zhao, Q., Wang, R. and Wei, J. (2015). Minimization of risks in defined benefit pension plan with time-inconsistent preferences.Applied Stochastic Models in Business and Industry, 32(2), pp.243-258.
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